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F-31 SARA Crude Oil Characterization: A Critical Review

November 25, 2024

The refining industry has long sought to understand how the chemistry of crude oil relates to fouling. Crude oil is composed of thousands of chemical species, so identifying and quantifying each of them individually would be impractical. Instead, different laboratory techniques are used to group species with similar chemical characteristics into a minimum number of...
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• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL

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F-30-TR Evaluation of Measurement Techniques for Crude Oil Particles

October 28, 2024

Developing effective fouling mitigation techniques for crude oils requires a fundamental understanding of particulate matter in heat exchanger flows, as well as experimental methods that accurately measure particle sizes and concentration distributions. HTRI previously determined that the ASTM F-312 method is unable to characterize differences in particle size distributions among crudes. For this study,...
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• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL

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Training case study: Excess fouling in a debutanizer column reboiler

May 06, 2024

Coker debutanizer column bottom reboilers (Figure 1) are vulnerable to what is broadly identified as polymerization fouling due to their high operating temperatures and the significant diolefin content in the cracked naphtha feed. Industry experience has led many operators to limit the inlet temperature of the reboiler heating medium, usually heavy...
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• REBOILERS
• CASE STUDY
• XIST
• FOULING

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F-29 Characterization of HTRI Crude Oils Nos. 18, 19, and 20 and Fouling Deposits from Crude Oil No. 19

December 14, 2023

The chemical characterization tests used in the HTRI crude oil fouling research program were reviewed. Modifications to the current list of tests and new WRI characterization methods were recommended. These recommended methods were used to characterize HTRI crude oils Nos. 18, 19, and 20 and two fouling deposits from No. 19....
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• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL

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F-28 Mechanistic Investigation of Fouling of Heat Exchangers Caused by Asphaltene Deposition

September 18, 2023

A systematic investigation of crude oil properties and asphaltene behavior at high temperatures and pressures was performed to understand the occurrence and the magnitude of asphaltene-induced fouling in heat exchangers. The physico-chemical characterization of the oil samples used in this study included the application of a novel methodology to separate the...
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• CRUDE OIL
• FOULING

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Using Vapor Infusion to Maintain Optimal Functionality of Heat Exchangers

October 31, 2022

HTRI staff, Mike Radicone, recently published an article on vapor infusion, an environmentally friendly method that reduces fouling and corrosion in heat exchanger and process equipment that use water as a cooling stream. The use of vapor infusion maintains optimum heat exchanger functionality and cooling water flow by operating the heat...
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• VAPOR INFUSION
• HEAT EXCHANGERS
• FOULING

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Fouling Management Through Digital Transformation

September 30, 2022

HTRI staff Edward Ishiyama, James Kennedy, Simon Pugh, and Hans Zettler recently published an article in the September issue of Hydrocarbon Engineering. This article explores how successful digital transformation is helping ENEOS Group refineries in Japan to eliminate waste, reduce lost time in data processing, and facilitate collaboration between different work...
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• HEAT EXCHANGERS
• SMARTPM
• FOULING

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F-27-TR HTRI Crude Oil Fouling Standard Evaluation Test Matrix

February 02, 2022

HTRI developed a standardized crude oil fouling test matrix that covers industry-relevant ranges of flow, bulk temperature, and wall temperature. The test matrix provides a more complete picture of a crude oil’s fouling behavior in the High Temperature Fouling Units (HTFUs). This report summarizes the design of the HTFUs, the identification...
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• HTFU
• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL

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Research Update Webinar: Industry Trends and Gaps in Process Heat Transfer

July 12, 2021

    Webinar Overview HTRI's research program focuses on industry trends (e.g., lowering carbon footprint or assessing new technologies) and addresses gaps or areas where we need to learn more in process heat transfer (e.g., off-design performance). After summarizing the results from our research over the past year, this webinar provides...
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• WEBINAR
• FOULING
• CFD
• AIR COOLER

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F-26 Evaluation of Methods to Predict Hydrocarbon and Crude Oil Viscosities from Low Temperature Measurements

July 27, 2020

Obtaining viscosity measurements at elevated temperatures and pressures is challenging. HTRI evaluated several viscosity correlations to determine the best model for hydrocarbons. We also examined a viscosity-density correlation using limited density data. From the initial evaluation, the Walther model proved to be the most promising for extrapolation, predicting viscosity within ±30%...
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• HTFU
• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL

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F-25-TR Standardized Chemical Characterization Tests Relating to Crude Oil Fouling

March 27, 2020

A longstanding goal of the HTRI fouling program is to develop methods to predict the fouling tendency of a crude oil from its chemical and physical properties and the heat exchanger operating conditions. This report summarizes the characterizations HTRI has performed on most research crude oils with a brief explanation as to why...
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• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL

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F-EX-1-14 Experimental Study of Local Crystallization Fouling in Double-pipe Heat Exchangers

April 18, 2019

Prepared under contract with HTRI, this report presents a comprehensive study on local crystallization fouling in double-pipe heat exchangers operating in counterflow. Results are based on fouling experiments with an aqueous calcium sulphate solution and with most flow velocities at 1.0 m/s. For local thermal fouling investigations, heat exchanger tubes were...
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• FOULING

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F-24 Demonstration of RFU as Research Tool

March 27, 2017

In 2013 HTRI commissioned the Rotating Fouling Unit (RFU). With its smaller volume, shorter run duration, and faster turnaround, the RFU serves as a screening device for the High Temperature Fouling Units (HTFU-1 and HTFU-2) and is ideal for fouling impact studies on specific variables. Initial fouling tests and fouling impact...
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• FOULING
• CRUDE OIL
• REPORT
• RESEARCH
• RFU

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Sneak Preview: HTRI’s SmartPM™ - Thermo-hydraulic Shell-and-tube Network Simulation Software for Management of Refinery Fouling

February 01, 2017

HTRI’s recently acquired SmartPM™ software complements the HTRI fouling research program, and takes the understanding and management of crude oil fouling to the next level. SmartPM can be used by a wide range of engineers including: Process engineers evaluating current plant performance Planners allocating maintenance budgets for most cost-effective future cleaning...
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• CRUDE OIL
• FOULING
• PREVIEW

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Research Update: Design and Construction of the Rotating Fouling Unit

January 16, 2017

HTRI currently runs fouling experiments on the High Temperature Fouling Unit (HTFU) which recirculates a 27 liter sample of crude for periods up to one month. As we plan to expand our crude oil fouling test program, we are investigating alternate test methods to screen crude oil fouling with smaller sample...
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• CFD
• FOULING
• HTFU
• RESEARCH
• RFU
• RTC

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Is My Design OK? Heat Exchangers with Viscous Oils

January 16, 2017

Designing for applications using viscous oils is challenging. These fluids vary widely in viscosity, generally have a low Reynolds number, and can experience substantial flow maldistribution. To account for the resulting uncertainty, traditional thermal designs often include large fouling factors. This webinar identifies typical design issues and discusses the methods and...
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• DESIGN
• FOULING
• VISCOUS

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Research Update: Crude Oil Fouling

January 16, 2017

We begin this webinar with a definition of crude oil fouling and the difference between crude oil fouling and other types of fouling mechanisms. Following this review, we discuss fouling research at HTRI by describing the High Temperature Fouling Unit (HTFU), the research testing that we conduct, and the prediction models...
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• CRUDE OIL
• FOULING
• HTFU
• RESEARCH

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F-16 High Temperature Fouling Unit Redesign - Part I: Annular Test Section

January 16, 2017

Our ongoing analysis of the HTRI crude oil fouling data revealed an unacceptably high degree of scatter. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the High Temperature Fouling Unit (HTFU) test section demonstrated that the flow over the heated portion was undeveloped and asymmetrical, resulting in wall shear stress variations of...
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• HTFU
• FOULING
• CFD

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F-3 The Effects of Selected Corrosion Inhibitors on the Fouling Characteristics of Cooling Tower Water

January 16, 2017

Corrosion inhibitors are often added to cooling tower water to prevent the corrosion of the various metallic elements of the cooling water system. These are effective in preventing corrosion; however, they can, under some circumstances, be the source of fouling in heat exchangers. This report describes an experimental study at Oregon...
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• FOULING

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F-1 The Effect of Corrosion Inhibitors on the Fouling Characteristics of Cooling Tower Water

January 16, 2017

Corrosion inhibitors are often added to cooling tower water to prevent the corrosion of the various metallic elements of the cooling water system. These are effective in preventing corrosion; however, they can, under some circumstances, be the source of fouling in the heat exchangers. This report describes a three-year experimental study...
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• FOULING

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