The benefits of our vapor infusion system have been proven in studies conducted at various universities, commercial applications, and with the United States Navy. Positive results include

  • dramatic reduction in fouling activity
  • reduced environmental impact from heat exchanger fouling
  • increased time between cleanings
  • negligible levels of residual chemical in treated water
  • significant decrease in need for heat exchanger cleanings
  • reduced use of cleaning chemicals and disposal of chemical wastes
  • low operation and maintenance costs
  • minimal capital cost

Studies documenting an increase in heat transfer when using bubbles

Heat transfer enhancement caused by sliding bubbles

Heat transfer coefficient is increased by mixing due to gas-bubbles

Bubble injection enhances heat transfer in horizontal heat exchanger

Enhanced heat transfer with dynamic flow structures in the wakes of sliding bubbles

Bubble injection enhances heat transfer in vertical heat exchanger

Studies detailing the effectiveness of bubbles for treating fouling

Air bubbles remove the fouling ingredients on the heat transfer surfaces

Vapor infusion extends time between heat exchanger cleaning, with less than 200ppm effluent

Vapor infusion using iodine performed better than aqueous chlorine at mitigating fouling in a condenser tube

Nanobubbles improve heat exchanger efficiency and reduce environmental impact

Nanobubble creation and stability

Nanobubbles do not strictly follow Laplace pressure and are stable at surfaces and bulk fluid

Nanobubbles are stable in bulk solution

Nanobubble creation through microbubble shrinkage

Biofouling

Bubbles present chemical vapor through bubble membrane surface

Reduction of biofouling in ground geothermal water and sea water plate heat exchangers

Vapor infusion extends time between heat exchanger cleaning

Nanobubbles can improve the effectiveness of biocides

Studies demonstrating effectiveness of bubbles for treating fouling

Scaling and corrosion

Nanobubbles can impact the solubility of mineral masses

Nanobubbles can impact the solubility of calcium carbonate

Nanobubbles rapidly reduce foulants within Three Mile Island water

Nanobubbles reduce scaling species and microbial diversity